Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge regarding Occupational
Health Hazards and its Prevention among
Flour Mill Workers at selected rural area
Rashmi M. R, Dr Laishram Dabashini Devi, Dr Swapna Mary A
Global College of Nursing,
Bangalore.
*Corresponding Author Email:
roshini999.bk@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Many people believe that work is worship, equally
important is the place of work because the workplace has significant influence
on individual’s health and is a primary site for the delivery of preventive
health care. The present study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding occupational health
hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers in selected rural area. The
objectives are to assess the existing knowledge level on occupational health
hazards and its prevention, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
program on knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention. Quasi
experimental, one group pre test and post test design was adopted. Evaluative
approach with selected Flour mill in rural area. 60 Flour mill worker were
selected by Random Sampling. The collected data was analyzed and interpreted by
using descriptive and inferential statistics. The over all knowledge score
obtained by the subject in the pre-test was 13.95 with standard deviation of
5.25 and in the post-test was 25.21 with standard deviation of the obtained “t”
value for over all knowledge score 15.11 is found to be greater than the table
value at the level of p<0.001. It revealed that there is an effectiveness of
Structured teaching programme on occupational health hazards and its prevention
among flour mill workers, hence the hypothesis H1 was accepted. The
study proved that structured teaching programme on occupational health hazards
and its prevention among flour mill workers was scientific, logical and coast
effective strategy.
KEYWORDS: Structured teaching programme, Knowledge, flour mill
workers, Occupational health hazards, Rural area.
INTRODUCTION:
Occupational health is the application of preventive
medicine in all places of employment.1 The industrial worker today
is placed in a highly complicated environment which is getting more complicated
as man is becoming more ingenious. The occupational environment of the worker
cannot be considered apart from his domestic environment.2 Both are
complementary to each other.
According to ecological approach, occupational health
represents a dynamic equilibrium or adjustments between the industrial worker
and his occupational environment. Grain dust potentially affects a large population
of mill workers. In addition, huge quantities of dust are known to be generated
making the grain industry a major source of industrial pollution.3 Occupational
diseases are caused by pathologic responses of the workers to their working
environment. Rice mill workers are potentially exposed to organic and inorganic
dusts and synthetic chemicals that may have adverse effects on their
respiratory health. The occupational hazards detected among the rice mill
workers were chronic bronchitis, allergic bronchitis, low backache and noise
irritation, conjunctivitis, skin allergy.4 A major occupational
hazard for workers in rice mill is the noise during the operation of various
machines. Noise disturbs work, rest sleep and communication and leads to
accidents in industries. Hearing loss due to industrial noise has been studied
by many researchers.5
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assess the existing knowledge level on
occupational health hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers at
selected rural areas of Bangalore.
2. To assess the effectiveness of structure
teaching program on knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its
prevention among flour mill workers in selected rural areas at Bangalore.
3. To find out the association on knowledge
among flour mill workers with selected socio
demographic variables.
HYPOTHESIS:
The hypothesis will have tested at 0.05 level of
significance
H1. The mean posttest knowledge scores of
the flour mill workers regarding occupational health hazards will be
significantly higher than the mean pretest knowledge score.
H2. There is a significant association
between the level of knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its
prevention with selected socio demographic variables
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The design adopted was quasi experimental design. The
present research study setting was selected flour mills at rural area of
Bangalore. the sample consisted of 60 flour mill workers at selected rural area
of Bangalore who was selected by random sampling technique. After obtaining formal
permission from the authority study was conducted at selected rural area of
Bangalore. Sixty flour mill workers were selected by using random sampling
technique. Pretest was conducted by using structured interview schedule, each
sample took 30-35 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The structured
teaching programme was carried out on the same day and doubts were clarified.
Post test was conducted after 7 days for the same subjects by using same
structured interview schedule.
RESULTS:
Table 1: Frequency and percentage
distribution of socio-demographic variables N=60.
|
Sl.No
|
Demographic
profile
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
%
|
|
1.
|
Age in
years
|
|
|
|
|
a) 31-40yrs
|
12
|
20
|
|
|
b) 41
to50yrs
|
36
|
60
|
|
|
c) 51 to 60yrs
|
12
|
20
|
|
2
|
Gender
a) Male
b) female
|
15
45
|
25
75
|
|
3
|
Religion
|
|
|
|
|
a) Hindu
|
30
|
50.0
|
|
|
b) Muslim
|
22
|
36.7
|
|
|
c) Christian
|
08
|
13.3
|
|
4
|
Educational
status
|
|
|
|
|
a) No formal
education
|
19
|
31.7
|
|
|
b) Primary
school
|
26
|
43.3
|
|
|
c) High
school
|
8
|
13.3
|
|
|
d) PUC
|
6
|
10
|
|
|
e) Graduate
or above
|
1
|
1.7
|
|
5
|
Monthly
income of the family in Rupees
|
|
|
|
|
a) Less than
5000
|
44
|
73.3
|
|
|
b) Between
5001-6000
|
6
|
10.0
|
|
|
c) Between
6001-7000
|
5
|
8.3
|
|
|
d) Above
7000
|
5
|
8.3
|
|
6
|
Period of
work exposure
a) <5 years
b) 5-10 years
c) More than 10 years
|
32
24
4
|
53.3
40.0
6.7
|
|
7
|
Had
previous information
a) yes
b) No
|
15
45
|
25
75
|
Table 1 depicts that maximum number of subjects 36
(60%) belong to the age group of 41-50 years 12(20%) subjects belong to the age
group of 31-40 and 12(20%) 51-60 years. Regarding the gender of the flour mill
workers, 45(75%) were male and 15(25%) were females. In relation to religion,
majority of subjects 30(50%) were Hindus and 08(13.7%) were Christians. Towards
educational status of the subjects, majority of the flour mill workers 26(43.3%)
had studied up to primary school where as only 01(1.7%) graduate and above. Regarding
monthly income of the family, Most of the subjects 44(73.3%) got less than Rs
5000 and 05(8.3%) were getting more than Rs.7000, in regard to experience
majority of theflour mill workers 32(53.3%) had less than 5years experience,
where as 04(6.7%) had more than 10 years experience. Regarding previous
information 45(75%) reported they did not got , where as 15(25%) of the flour
mill workers reported that they got previous information related to
occupational health hazards.
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of knowledge
scores among flour mill workers in pre test. N=60
|
Knowledge
|
Max score
|
Mean
|
Mean Percentage
|
S. D
|
|
General information, meaning and causes of occupational
health hazards.
|
10
|
4.66
|
46.66
|
2.02
|
|
Clinical manifestation of occupational health
hazards.
|
4
|
1.86
|
46.50
|
0.93
|
|
Diagnosis and complication of occupational health
hazards.
|
3
|
1.41
|
47
|
0.88
|
|
Management of occupational health hazards.
|
10
|
4.58
|
45.80
|
2
|
|
Prevention of occupational health hazards
|
3
|
1.4
|
46.60
|
0.93
|
|
Over all knowledge score
|
30
|
13.95
|
46.50
|
5.25
|
Table 3: Level of knowledge among Flour mill workers on
occupational health hazards and its prevention in the pre test. N=60
|
Sl No
|
Knowledge
|
< 50%
|
50-74%
|
75%
|
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Frequency
|
%
|
|
1.
|
General
information, meaning and causes of occupational health hazards.
|
42
|
70
|
14
|
23.3
|
4
|
6.6
|
|
2.
|
Clinical manifestation
of occupational health hazards.
|
48
|
80
|
8
|
13.3
|
4
|
6.6
|
|
3.
|
Diagnosis
and complication of occupational health hazards.
|
35
|
58.3
|
17
|
28.3
|
8
|
13.3
|
|
4.
|
Management
of occupational health hazards.
|
39
|
65
|
17
|
28.3
|
4
|
6.6
|
|
5.
|
Prevention
of occupational health hazards.
|
37
|
61.6
|
13
|
21.6
|
10
|
16.6
|
|
|
Over all
knowledge score
|
42
|
70
|
13
|
21.66
|
5
|
8.33
|
Table 4: Mean and standard deviation of the knowledge
scores among flour mill workers in post test N=60
|
Knowledge
|
Max score
|
Mean
|
Mean %
|
S. D
|
|
General information, meaning and causes of
occupational health hazards
|
10
|
8.25
|
82.5
|
1.61
|
|
Clinical manifestation of occupational health
hazards.
|
4
|
3.26
|
81.66
|
0.96
|
|
Diagnosis and complication of occupational health
hazards.
|
3
|
2.56
|
85.33
|
0.61
|
|
Management of occupational health hazards.
|
10
|
8.53
|
85.33
|
1.47
|
|
Prevention of occupational health hazards.
|
3
|
2.56
|
85.33
|
0.61
|
|
Over all knowledge score
|
30
|
25.21
|
84.05
|
4.11
|
From the above table-2 it is evident that maximum mean
score obtained by the subjects was 4.66 with standard deviation of 2.02 in the
aspect of general information, meaning and causes of occupational health
hazards and minimum mean score obtained by the subjects standard deviation of
0.93 in the aspect of prevention of occupational health hazards. The over all
knowledge score obtained by the subjects in the pre test was13.95 with standard
deviation of 5.25.
The above table-3 depicts that maximum number of
subjects 48(80%) had inadequate knowledge in the aspect of clinical
manifestation of occupational health hazards. and 17(28.3%) subjects had
moderate knowledge regarding diagnosis, complication and management of occupational
health hazards and 10 (16.6%) had adequate knowledge regarding prevention of
occupational health hazards. The over all knowledge score shows that 42(70%)
subjects had inadequate knowledge in the pretest.
From the above table-4 it is evident that maximum mean
score obtained by the subjects in the post test was 8.53 with the standard
deviations of 1.47 in the aspect of management of occupational health hazards
while the minimum mean knowledge score 2.56 obtained by the subjects with standard
deviation of 0.61 in the aspect of diagnosis, complication and prevention of
occupational health hazards. The overall knowledge score obtained by subjects
in the post test was 25.21 with the standard deviation4.11.
Table 5: Level of knowledge among flour mill workers on
occupational health hazards and its prevention in the post test. N=60
|
Sl No
|
Knowledge
|
< 50%
|
50-74%
|
>75%
|
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Frequency
|
%
|
|
1.
|
General
information, meaning and causes ofoccupational health hazards
|
5
|
8.3
|
12
|
20
|
43
|
71.6
|
|
2.
|
Clinical manifestation
of occupational health hazards
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
25
|
33
|
55
|
|
3.
|
Diagnosis
and complication of occupational health hazards
|
4
|
6.6
|
18
|
30
|
38
|
63.3
|
|
4.
|
Management
of occupational health hazards
|
2
|
3.3
|
12
|
20
|
46
|
76.6
|
|
5.
|
Prevention
of occupational health hazards
|
5
|
8.3
|
16
|
26.6
|
39
|
65
|
|
|
Over all
knowledge score
|
3
|
5
|
9
|
15
|
48
|
80
|
The above table-5 depicts that maximum number of
subjects 46(76.6%) had adequate knowledge in the area of management of
occupational health hazardsand 18 (30%) had moderate level of knowledge in the
aspect of diagnosis and complication of occupational health hazards. In over
allknowledge score majority of the subjects 48 (80%) had adequate level of
knowledge and 9(15%) had moderate level of knowledgeinpostest.
The table-6 depicts that the highest mean knowledge
score (85.55) in the post test was seen in the aspect of diagnosis,
complication and prevention of occupational health hazardswhen comparedto the
pre test score of 47% and 46.60% and the lowest mean percentage score 81.66% in
theaspect of clinical manifestation of occupational health hazards. The over
all mean percentage of pre test and post test knowledge score of flour mill
workers are 46.50% and 84.05% respectively.
The obtained “t” value 15.11 is highly significant at
the level of p<0.001. It reveals that there was an enhancement (37.55%) of
knowledge indicating the effectiveness of Structured teaching Programme.
Table 6:
Comparison of pre and post level of knowledge scores among Flour mill workers
regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention. N=60
|
Knowledge
|
Pre-test
Mean (%)
|
Post-testMean
(%)
|
Enhancement
mean (%)
|
Paired t
value
|
Inferences
|
|
General
information, meaning and causes .
|
46.66
|
82.5
|
36.84
|
9.67
|
HS
|
|
Clinical
manifestation.
|
46.50
|
81.66
|
35.16
|
8.08
|
HS
|
|
Diagnosis
and complication.
|
47
|
85.55
|
38.55
|
8.32
|
HS
|
|
Management.
|
45.80
|
85.33
|
39.53
|
12.33
|
HS
|
|
Prevention
|
46.60
|
85.55
|
38.95
|
8
|
HS
|
|
Over all
knowledge score
|
46.50
|
84.05
|
37.55
|
15.11
|
HS
|
HS: P<0.001
Table 7: Association between knowledge score with
selected socio- demographic variables of flour mill workers N=60
|
SL
No
|
Socio-demographic
variables
|
Inadequate
knowledge
|
Moderately
adequate knowledge
|
Adequate
knowledge
|
Chi
square test value
|
|
(f)
|
(%)
|
(f)
|
(%)
|
(f)
|
(%)
|
|
1.
|
Age in years
a)
31-40yrs
b)
41-50yrs
c) 51-60 yrs
|
9
24
9
|
15
40
15
|
1
9
3
|
1.6
15
5
|
2
3
0
|
3.3
5
0
|
0.177
df=2
NS
|
|
2.
|
Religion
a)
Hindu
b)
Muslim
c)
Christian
|
22
15
5
|
36
25
8.3
|
4
6
3
|
6.6
10
5
|
4
1
0
|
6.6
1.6
0
|
0.781
df=2
NS
|
|
3.
|
Educational status
a) No formaleducation
b) Primaryschool
c) Highschool
d) PUC
e) Graduate andabove
|
14
20
5
3
0
|
23
33
8.3
5
0
|
4
4
3
2
0
|
6.6
6.6
5
3.3
-
|
1
2
0
1
1
|
1.6
3.3
0
1.6
1.6
|
2.894
df=4
NS
|
|
4.
|
Monthly income (Rs)
a)
Less than 5000.
b)
5001-6000.
c)
6001-7000
d)
Above 7000
|
34
4
4
0
|
56
6.6
6.6
0
|
9
2
1
1
|
15
3.3
1.6
1.6
|
1
0
0
4
|
1.6
0
0
6.6
|
7.046
df=3
NS
|
|
5.
|
Gender
a) Male
b) Female
|
33
9
|
55
15
|
9
4
|
15
6.6
|
3
2
|
5
3.3
|
5.7
df=1 NS
|
|
6.
|
Period of work exposure
a)< 5years.
b)5-10 years.
c) More than 10 years
|
20
16
6
|
33.3
26.6
10
|
6
6
1
|
10
10
1.6
|
4
1
0
|
6.6
1.6
0
|
2.623
df=2
NS
|
|
7.
|
Previous Information
a) Yes
b) No
|
5
27
|
8.3
45
|
4
7
|
6.6
11.6
|
3
2
|
3.3
3.3
|
3.649
df=3 NS
|
df= degree of freedom; NS= Non significant
From the table-7 it is evident that the obtained chi
square values of age, religion, education, gender, monthly income, Period of
work exposure, and previous information of flour mill workers (0.177, 0.781,
2.894, 7.046, 5.7, 2.623, 3.649) are found to be less than the table value at
the level of p<0.05. Hence there is no significant association found between
pre test knowledge score and the demographic variables.
CONCLUSION:
Flour mill workers have expressed active participation
in learning process hence the developed structured teaching programme on
occupational health hazards and its prevention among flour mill workers is
instructionally effective, appropriate and feasible. It can be used in
community areas to motivate and help the flour mill workers to update the
knowledge regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention.
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